Outline the architecture of the central processing unit (CPU) and the functions of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU) and the registers within the CPU.
Executes a sequence of stored instructions called a program. The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory.
Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.
RAM (Random Access Memory)- http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm
Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
ROM (Read Only Memory)- http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/read-only-memory
ROM is "built-in" computer memory containing data that normally can only be read, not written to. ROM contains the programming that allows your computer to be "booted up" or regenerated each time you turn it on. Unlike a computer's random access memory (RAM), the data in ROM is not lost when the computer power is turned off. The ROM is sustained by a small long-life battery in your computer.
How are RAM and ROM used with primary memory?:
2.1.3:
Explain the use of cache memory.
Cache memory is by definition Random Access Memory (RAM) that a computer can access much quicker than regular memory. A computer microprocessor checks through cache memory before looking through a larger memory storage as it is not as time consuming. Cache memory is used for faster readings as it uses data cached from earlier readings.
2.1.4:
Explain the machine instruction cycle.
Taken from http://ocw.capilanou.ca/computing-science/breadth-topics-in-computing-science/course_files/programming/ProgrammableMachine.html
Executes a sequence of stored instructions called a program. The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory.
There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation:
There are two types of data storage: volatile and non-volatile.
Volatile memory is memory which contains state that is cleared after the process is done running.
Persistent memory or storage which contains state that continues to last even after the process being ended.
Persistent memory is needed because computers often want to continue performing computations on state they were working on earlier. For example, suppose you create a file and then save it. You'll probably want to edit or use it later, hence persistent storage is required.
example 1:
Since binary is a base-2 system, each digit represents an increasing power of 2, with the rightmost digit representing 20, the next representing 21, then 22, and so on. To determine the decimal representation of a binary number simply take the sum of the products of the binary digits and the powers of 2 which they represent. For example, the binary number: 100101
is converted to decimal form by:
To create higher numbers, additional digits are simply added to the left side of the binary representation.
example 2:
32--16--8---4--2---1
0-----1---0---1--1---1
As you can see in this example, the binary number is 010111. Above the binary numbers, I put decimal (base 10) numbers. These represent what the zeros and ones are. The numbers, from right to left, start with one and each time. The next numbers would be 64, 128 and so on. If there is a binary one below the decimal number, it gets added. Since the binary number under the 32 is a zero, it doesn't get added. There is however a binary one below the 16. This means that you start with 16. The next number, 8, has a zero, so you leave that out. The rest of the numbers have ones below them, so they all get added. 16+4+2+1 gives you the answer 23. That is the decimal number.
2.1.9: Define the terms: bit, byte, binary, denary/decimal, hexadecimal.
(I am afraid I got these definitions from Wikipedia)-I have taken the keys sections of Wikipedia and put only the sections that you need to know-Mr Trofimczuk
Bit:
One digit in binary number system is called bit.
A bit (a contraction of binary digit) is the basic capacity of information in computing and telecommunications; a bit can have the value of either 1 or 0 (one or zero) only. These attributes may be implemented, in a variety of systems, by means of a two state device.
In computing, a bit can be defined as a variable or computed quantity that can have only two possible values. These two values are often interpreted as binary digits and are usually denoted by the numerical digits 0 and 1. The two values can also be interpreted as logical values (true/false, yes/no), algebraic signs (+/−), activation states (on/off), or any other two-valued attribute.
Binary:
A Binary code is a way of representing text or computer processor instructions by the use of the binary number system's two-binary digits 0 and 1. This is accomplished by assigning a bit string to each particular symbol or instruction. For example, a binary string of eight binary digits (bits) can represent any of 255 possible values and can therefore correspond to a variety of different symbols, letters or instructions.
A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number. For example, the lowercase "a" as represented by the bit string 01100001, can also be represented as the decimal number 97.
Denary/decimal
The decimalnumeral system (also called base ten or occasionally denary) has ten as its base. It is the numerical base most widely used by modern civilizations. Decimals also refer to decimal fractions, either separately or in contrast to vulgar fractions. In this context, a decimal is a tenth part, and decimals become a series of nested tenths.
Hexadecimal:
In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal (also base16, or hex) is a positionalnumeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F (or alternatively a–f) to represent values ten to fifteen. For example, the hexadecimal number 2AF3 is equal, in decimal, to (2 × 163) + (10 × 162) + (15 × 161) + (3 × 160), or 10995.
2.1.10: Outline the way in which data is represented in the computer.
Computers work with binary number system that is consist of only two digits zero and one. Inside the computer binary number is represented by an electrical pulse. One means a pulse of electricity and zero means no pulse. All the data enters into the computers first converts into the binary number system. One digit in binary number system is called bit and combination of eight bits is called byte. A byte is the basic unit that is used to represent the alphabetic, numeric and alphanumeric data.
Simple Logic Gates:
2.1.11: Define the Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR.
Boolean operators (AND, NOT, OR, XOR) locate records containing matching terms in one of the specified fields, both of the specified fields, or all of the specified fields. Use Boolean operators to connect words or phrases between more than one text field, or use Boolean operators to connect words or phrases within a text field.
Use the AND operator to locate records containing all of the specified search terms. For example, if you search under "dogs AND cats", the e-library locates records containing all of the specified terms.
Use the OR operator to locate records matching any or all of the specified terms. For example, if you search under "dogs OR cats", the e-library locates records containing either the first search term or the second.
Use the NOT operator to locate records containing the first search term but not the second. For example, if you search under "dogs NOT cats", the e-library locates records containing the first search term but not the second.
Use the XOR (exclusive or) operator to locate records matching any of the specified terms but not all of the specified terms. For example, if you search under "dogs XOR cats", the e-library locates records matching any one of the specified terms but not all of the specified terms
2.1.12: Construct truth tables using the above operators.
A truth table is a breakdown of a logic function by listing all possible values the function can attain. Such a table typically contains several rows and columns, with the top row representing the logical variables and combinations, in increasing complexity leading up to the final function.
Topic 2 - Computer Organization (6hrs)
Computer architecture:
2.1.1:
Outline the architecture of the central processing unit (CPU) and the functions of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU) and the registers within the CPU.
Executes a sequence of stored instructions called a program. The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory.
Useful Links:
https://dis-dpcs.wikispaces.com/2.1.1++CPU+and+its+Architecture
2.1.2:
Describe primary memory:
Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.
RAM (Random Access Memory)-
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm
Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
ROM (Read Only Memory)-
http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/read-only-memory
ROM is "built-in" computer memory containing data that normally can only be read, not written to. ROM contains the programming that allows your computer to be "booted up" or regenerated each time you turn it on. Unlike a computer's random access memory (RAM), the data in ROM is not lost when the computer power is turned off. The ROM is sustained by a small long-life battery in your computer.
How are RAM and ROM used with primary memory?:
2.1.3:
Explain the use of cache memory.
Cache memory is by definition Random Access Memory (RAM) that a computer can access much quicker than regular memory. A computer microprocessor checks through cache memory before looking through a larger memory storage as it is not as time consuming. Cache memory is used for faster readings as it uses data cached from earlier readings.
2.1.4:
Explain the machine instruction cycle.
Executes a sequence of stored instructions called a program. The program is represented by a series of numbers that are kept in some kind of computer memory.
There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation:
Compressed notes taken from wikipedia:
Secondary Memory:
2.1.5:
Identify the need for persistent storage:
Secondary memory devices include:
Operating Systems and Application Systems:
2.1.6:
Describe the main functions of an operating system:
2.1.7:
Outline the use of a range of application software:
2.1.8:
Identify common features of applications.
Binary Representation:
Check out this online Binary/Binary calculator:
http://easycalculation.com/hex-converter.php
example 1:
Since binary is a base-2 system, each digit represents an increasing power of 2, with the rightmost digit representing 20, the next representing 21, then 22, and so on. To determine the decimal representation of a binary number simply take the sum of the products of the binary digits and the powers of 2 which they represent. For example, the binary number: 100101
is converted to decimal form by:
[1 × 32] + [0 × 16] + [0 × 8] + [1 × 4] + [0 × 2] + [1 × 1] = 37
To create higher numbers, additional digits are simply added to the left side of the binary representation.
example 2:
32--16--8---4--2---1
0-----1---0---1--1---1
As you can see in this example, the binary number is 010111. Above the binary numbers, I put decimal (base 10) numbers. These represent what the zeros and ones are. The numbers, from right to left, start with one and each time. The next numbers would be 64, 128 and so on. If there is a binary one below the decimal number, it gets added. Since the binary number under the 32 is a zero, it doesn't get added. There is however a binary one below the 16. This means that you start with 16. The next number, 8, has a zero, so you leave that out. The rest of the numbers have ones below them, so they all get added. 16+4+2+1 gives you the answer 23. That is the decimal number.
2.1.9:
Define the terms: bit, byte, binary, denary/decimal, hexadecimal.
(I am afraid I got these definitions from Wikipedia)-I have taken the keys sections of Wikipedia and put only the sections that you need to know-Mr Trofimczuk
Bit:
One digit in binary number system is called bit.
A bit (a contraction of binary digit) is the basic capacity of information in computing and telecommunications; a bit can have the value of either 1 or 0 (one or zero) only. These attributes may be implemented, in a variety of systems, by means of a two state device.
In computing, a bit can be defined as a variable or computed quantity that can have only two possible values. These two values are often interpreted as binary digits and are usually denoted by the numerical digits 0 and 1. The two values can also be interpreted as logical values (true/false, yes/no), algebraic signs (+/−), activation states (on/off), or any other two-valued attribute.
Byte:
A combination of eight bits is called byte.
The byte is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, a byte was the number of bits used to encode a single characterof text in a computer. The //de facto// standard of eight bits is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte.
Binary:
A Binary code is a way of representing text or computer processor instructions by the use of the binary number system's two-binary digits 0 and 1. This is accomplished by assigning a bit string to each particular symbol or instruction. For example, a binary string of eight binary digits (bits) can represent any of 255 possible values and can therefore correspond to a variety of different symbols, letters or instructions.
A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number. For example, the lowercase "a" as represented by the bit string 01100001, can also be represented as the decimal number 97.
Denary/decimal
The decimal numeral system (also called base ten or occasionally denary) has ten as its base. It is the numerical base most widely used by modern civilizations.
Decimals also refer to decimal fractions, either separately or in contrast to vulgar fractions. In this context, a decimal is a tenth part, and decimals become a series of nested tenths.
Hexadecimal:
In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal (also base 16, or hex) is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F (or alternatively a–f) to represent values ten to fifteen. For example, the hexadecimal number 2AF3 is equal, in decimal, to (2 × 163) + (10 × 162) + (15 × 161) + (3 × 160), or 10995.
2.1.10:
Outline the way in which data is represented in the computer.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_data_represented_in_a_computer
Computers work with binary number system that is consist of only two digits zero and one. Inside the computer binary number is represented by an electrical pulse. One means a pulse of electricity and zero means no pulse. All the data enters into the computers first converts into the binary number system. One digit in binary number system is called bit and combination of eight bits is called byte. A byte is the basic unit that is used to represent the alphabetic, numeric and alphanumeric data.
Simple Logic Gates:
2.1.11:
Define the Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR.
Boolean operators (AND, NOT, OR, XOR) locate records containing matching terms in one of the specified fields, both of the specified fields, or all of the specified fields. Use Boolean operators to connect words or phrases between more than one text field, or use Boolean operators to connect words or phrases within a text field.
http://dosei.who.int/iBistro_helps/English/tip7102.html
2.1.12:
Construct truth tables using the above operators.
A truth table is a breakdown of a logic function by listing all possible values the function can attain. Such a table typically contains several rows and columns, with the top row representing the logical variables and combinations, in increasing complexity leading up to the final function.
example:
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/truth-table
2.1.13:
Construct a logic diagram using AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates.
http://www.softwareforeducation.com/sms32v50/sms32v50_manual/380-TruthTables.htm
Sid's examples from lesson on 19th Nov: